贰、文献探讨 一、非形式推理 非形式推理（informal reasoning）是研究自然语言论证的一种方式，在我 们日常生活的口语讨论及书面论述中随处可见。
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许多语用学家认为语用推理无法用形式系统来刻画，只能用非形式的甚至是隐喻性的语汇来描述。
In the eyes of many, pragmatic inference has often been seen as a subject that defies formal characterizations and is describable only in non-formal, sometimes metaphorical terms.
PTES的推理机制使用了可能性逻辑及模糊集合理论作为其逻辑基础，并以一种形式化的方法提供了处理非确定事实及非确定规则的能力。
The reasoning mechanism of PTES can deal with both uncertain facts and uncertain rules in a formal way by employing possibilistic logic and fuzzy set theory as its logical basis.
本文试图对专家系统使用的非单调推理及其形式化问题进行初步探讨。
In this paper we try to explore the problems of the nonmonotonic reasoning and formalization used by the expert systems.
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