...动，把复数名词短语处理成「个体和 (Individual Sum)而非「集合的集合，学术界把这种处理方法称为「部分整体论(Mereology)。举例说，个 体a和个体b的「个体和就是a ♁ b。
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与之相对的是整体论，该理论认为整体的作用往往大于各部分的简单相加。
Its antithesis is holism, which recognizes that the whole is often more than the sum of its parts.
21世纪学习借鉴了整体论的概念，也就是亚里士多德的理论——只有整体的观察系统，才能理解它，而不能只研究它们的组成部分。
21st century learning draws upon the concept of holism, the Aristotelian idea that systems can only be understood by looking at them as a whole, and not simply by investigating their parts.
整体论认为整体大于各部分之和。
Holism holds that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts.
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