...之间有物质、能量和信息的交换；复杂性(Complexity)，子系统的种类繁多，之间存在交互作用；进化涌现性(Evolution and Emergence)，子系统之间的交互作用演化出一些新的性质[4]；层次性(Hierarchy)，个体在低层次的相互作用可以在高层次涌现出全新的性质[5]；巨...
However, as acomplexadaptivesystem, the businessecosystemnot onlydiffers from the natural ecosystem, but also differs from the cluster and the valuenetwork.