4 pm b = 246；在加热下：3，应称为“载荷子”(electric charge carrier)：77 pm 范德华半径. 碳素钢tànsùgāng[Carbon steel] 含有少量锰。
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为了表示电流总的作用，通常取正载荷子的流动方向为电流方向。
Conventionally, the direction of electric current is that of the flow of the positive ions.
当阳光照射在纳米管上时，纳米管释放出高能量的载荷子，使得水分子分解为两种活性成分-氢氧自由基和氢离子。
When light falls on the nanotubes, they release energetic charge carriers, which split the water molecules inside them into two reactive components - hydroxide radicals and hydrogen ions.
求压杆临界载荷的方法很多：有静力法、矩量法、子域法、最小二乘法。
Many methods, e. g. static force method, moment method, sub-region method and least square method, have been used tog et the critical load.
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