学生通常需要提前为研讨会和辅导课准备工作，这可以采取研究讨论主题、写论文或解决问题的形式。

Students are normally expected to prepare work in advance for seminars and tutorials and this can take the form of researching a topic for discussion, by writing essays or by solving problems.

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例如，大学可以将个人发展计划纳入研究生课程，帮助学生们讨论、计划、准备和实现长期职业目标。

For example, universities could incorporate IDPs into their graduate curricula to help students discuss, plan, prepare for, and achieve their long-term career goals.

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准备讨论的影响因子包括溶剂极性和离核试剂。

There are impact factor to be discussed such as solvent polarity and nucleofuge.

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