研究人员应用一个数学模型来计算物种的堆积速率，也称之为多样化率。
The researchers applied a mathematical model to calculate the rate of accumulation of species, also called the diversification rate.
后来随着像佩兹伐肖像镜头这样的“快镜头”（最初的数学计算镜头之一）的应用这“长时间”才得以缩短。
The time was later reduced with the "faster" lenses such as the Petzval's portrait lens, the first mathematically calculated lens.
对于一代在iPads上培养大的孩子，让他们对数学概念感兴趣，是一个很大的挑战。在iPads上，计算是用应用程序轻轻完成。
For a generation being raised on iPads - where calculations can be simply done using an app - getting kids interested in mathematical concepts is more of a challenge.
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