本部分的最后，值得注意服务实现的自上而下(top - down)和自下而上(bottom - up)模型之间联系。
Finally in this context, it is worth noting the relationship between the top-down and bottom-up models of service enablement.
George Day(1980)将划分模型作为自上而下的方式：从整个人口出发，分成不同区间。
George Day (1980) describes model of segmentation as the top-down approach: You start with the total population and divide it into segments.
利用模式标准化实现自上而下的语义透明（developerWorks，2005 年 4 月）：研究 XML 建模知识，包括重用其他人设计的模型。
Schema standardization for top-down semantic transparency (developerWorks, April 2005): Explore the state of the art in XML modeling that includes reuse of models designed by others.
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