解释买者的支付意愿，消费者剩余和需求曲线之间如何关联。

Explain how buyers' willingness to pay, consumer surplus, and the demand curve are related.

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因此，尽管消费者群体之间存在异质性，但不同类别的消费者对可追溯猪肉的本地产属性均具有一定的支付意愿。

Hence, despite the heterogeneity among consumer groups, all classes of consumers had a certain WTP for the local farming labeling attribute of traceable pork.

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本文根据不确定性条件下的信息经济分析原理，建立了基于风险效用函数的收费道路使用者支付意愿模型。

This paper establishes a user's willing-to-pay model for pricing road based on risk utility function, which is an application of information economics analysis and risk decision theory.

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