包括来自于“底层”的物理和化学因素，也就是分子间的作用，影响了上层的基因、染色体、细胞、组织和生物体。
They include constraints imposed "from below" by physics and chemistry, that is, from molecular interactions upwards, through genes, chromosomes, cells, tissues and organisms.
它保护组织遭到破坏，使细胞减少适当的压力，同时释放出引起疼痛的化学物质来防止相关部位持续的“过度使用和滥用”。
It prevents rapid tissue destruction by allowing for cellular adaptation to the stress as well as the release of pain-causing chemicals to prevent continued "overuse and abuse" of the involved part.
结合细胞遗传工程和化学工程以创造器官和组织如：皮肤、骨头、心脏瓣膜和软骨关节的技术。
Technology combining genetic engineering of cells with chemical engineering to create artificial organs and tissues such as skin, bone, heart valves, and cartilage for joints.
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