采用古诺模型分析了产品市场竞争劣势成本对上市公司管理层自愿披露决策的影响。
The effects of proprietary costs of competition in product marketon voluntary disclosure decisions are analyzed using Cournot model in this paper.
这种成本劣势已经对三大巨头的竞争力产生了越来越严重的恶劣影响。
That cost penalty has had an increasingly corrosive effect on the Big Three's ability to compete.
与意大利一样，西班牙同样受困于高成本低生产率的商业(在与中国的竞争中明显处于劣势)，蹩脚的教育，以及研发的低投入。
Like Italy, Spain is stuck with high-cost, low-productivity businesses that are vulnerable to Chinese competition; poor schools; and low spending on research and development.
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