纵向约束是现代产业组织理论的前沿研究课题之一，具有广泛的实际应用前景。
Vertical restraints has been one of the focus field in modern theory of industrial organization.
关联规则挖掘作为数据挖掘领域的一个重要研究课题，它在许多实际应用中都发挥着重要作用。
Association Rules mining, as an important research subject of data mining field, which plays an important role in many practical applications.
波面整形器是现代光子技术中具有重要科学意义和实际应用的研究课题。
The wavefront shaper is a research project with important scientific significance and practical applications in the modern photon techniques.
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