而西方苏格拉底(Socrates)则以「自知自己之无 知的思想，强调知识即道德(Knowledge is virtue)，更藉 诘问法的步骤，论证真理的存在，亦是思想的具体实践。
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知识欲的目的是真，道德欲的目的是善，美欲的目的是美，真善美，即人间理想。
For the purpose of true knowledge , morality For the purpose of goodness and beauty For the purpose of the United States, and the beautiful, that is human ideals.
启蒙学者们认为理性进步（即科技进步或知识进步）会导致道德进步，但启蒙思想中的唯理智主义倾向，导致了知识与德性的分离。
Thinkers in age of the Enlightenment think that progress of reason will bring about moral progress, but intellectualism contained by the Enlightenment mentality makes knowledge and virtue divorced.
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