他又说:“人们怎么能用可计量的金钱数额来衡量疼痛与痛苦(pain and suffering)呢? 当一个人因事故而蒙受疼痛与痛苦时,任何人都无法主张,你能通过数学计算证实,能反映此种损失的确切金额。
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Then, the dissertation will analyze and introduce the methods for calculating the pain and suffering in American tort law, which are“per diem method”and Botta rule.
然后,本文对美国侵权法中衡量疼痛与痛苦的具体方法,即“时间单位法”和Botta规则进行了介绍和对比分析。
参考来源 - 侵权法上的疼痛与痛苦损害赔偿·2,447,543篇论文数据,部分数据来源于NoteExpress
这些使人不舒服的感觉,与身体上的疼痛一样会让人感到痛苦。
These are uncomfortable feelings, often as painful as any kind of physical pain.
这是没有客观标准的,因为痛苦本身是意识的感觉与反应,因此痛苦不能作为外部刺激或者局部机体疼痛来加以衡量。 从这个观点出发,任何等级区分都是不可能的。
There is no objective standard because suffering cannot be measured according to the external stimulation or local irritation of the organism, but only as it is felt and reflected in consciousness.
研究人员发现,人们听到一些与疼痛相关的词汇(例如“痛苦的”、“折磨人的”)时,脑部与痛感相关的区域会被激活——即便这些痛感并非实际存在也会让人产生疼痛感。
The study discovered that certain pain-associated words such as' tormenting 'or' gruelling 'stimulate the pain area of the brain - even when no pain is actually administered.
Now the pain of a bite, being bit, and then the pain and fear of that is an unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response.
咬伤所带来的疼痛感,和有此所带来的痛苦与恐惧,就是无条件刺激和无条件反应。
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