在覆盖电池板的玻璃或塑料片上沉积一种电敏透明材料，传感器监测灰尘等级，当灰尘达到额定等级时，系统发生作用，利用电池板所发电流产生一个电荷。
An electrically-sensitive transparent material is deposited on glass or a plastic sheet that covers the panel. Sensors monitor the dust levels.
一种金属或玻璃试管，充满通过传送已被控制中子而电离了的气体，在试管中产生一种电荷，指示一种特殊粒子。
A metal or glass tube filled with gas that is ionized by passing charged particles, producing within the tube an electric charge indicative of a particular particle.
具有高正电荷，小离子半径的阳离子适合形成硬质玻璃，而那些低氧化态、大离子半径的阳离子则适合于形成软质玻璃。
The cations with high positive charge and small ionic radii are suitable to forming hard glasses, and those with low oxidation state and large radii are suitable to forming soft glasses.
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