目的分析牙齿外伤的成因及相关因素，探讨有效预防前牙外伤的途径和方法，提高疗效。

Objective: the aim of this study was to analyze the causes of dental trauma and related factors to improve its prevention and treatment.

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给舌头打洞装舌钉常常会导致口腔感染，牙齿的磨损与破损，或是口腔外伤。

Tongue piercings have also been associated with infections, chipped or broken teeth, and gum trauma.

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牙齿磨损是指在没有菌斑、龋坏及外伤情况下牙体组织丧失的现象。

Tooth wear is defined as the loss of the tooth substance which is not caused by dental plague, caries and injuries.

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