在每种情况下，消费者和生产者剩余被用来评估消费者和生产者的利润和损失。

In each case, consumer and producer surplus are used to evaluate the gains and losses to consumers and producers.

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利用帕累托最优和消费者(生产者)剩余理论对经济适用房建设的政策目标进行了经济学分析。

With the economic theories of Pareto optimality and consumer (producer) surplus, this paper explains the policy goals of economical housing.

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美国的竞争政策侧重于追求消费者剩余和生产者剩余最大化，强调通过竞争的作用来达到这一经济效率目标。

U. s antitrust law's goal is to focus on seeking maximal producer and consumer surplus by stressing competition role.

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