九月，首先是意大利，接下来是英国，被迫使自己的货币贬值。拿英国来说，贬值发生在其为了保证与欧洲汇率平价从而抵制投机者，花费了数十亿元美元之后。
In September first Italy and then Britain were forced to devalue, in Britain's case after spending billions of dollars trying to defend its ERM parity against speculators.
在一定程度上，比如根据购买力平价汇率，美元对欧元依然贬值。
On some measures, such as purchasing-power parity, the greenback still looks cheap against the euro.
由于汇率不必由黄金平价决定，前者可以通过降低利率来刺激消费。
Freed from the need to uphold a gold-price parity, these countries could lower interest rates and so stimulate spending.
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