低渗透储层渗流具有非达西特征和启动压力梯度，是研究低渗透储层开发过程中问题的基础。
Research on characters of non-Darcy flow and starting pressure gradient of low permeability reservoir were foundation of reservoir production.
氯离子运动所产生的渗透梯度又带动了水分子的流动。
This movement creates an osmotic gradient that allows water to flow.
低渗透油田由于存在启动压力梯度，开采难度很大，因此，在低渗透油田开发时必须考虑启动压力梯度的影响。
The impact of starting pressure gradient must be considered due to existence of starting pressure gradient and recovery difficulty during the development of low permeability oil reservoirs.
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