...个章节会讲一些概率分布 （probability distribution）样本与估算 （sampling and estimation）有效假设理论 （Hypothesis test）4.
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所有这些理论都或多或少以一个假设为基础：即人并不是理性的行为体，市场也不总是有效的。
All are based, to one extent or another, on the idea that people are irrational actors, and that markets aren't always efficient.
在评估汇率干预有效性的过程中，研究者根据两种理论假设，探讨汇率干预的效应。
In the process of evaluating the intervention effect, researchers rely on two theoretical hypotheses: one is the portfolio-balance theories, the other is the signaling theory.
文章认为，凯恩斯在货币工资富有刚性的假设下，通过提高价格水平、降低实际工资，解决非自愿失业问题的理论，只能在短期有效。
The Keynesian theory deals with the involuntary unemployment under the hypothesis of wages rigidity, suggesting that raising price and reducing the real wages can only be valid in a short-term.
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