艾伯纳西对汽车制造商的研究表明，一个行业很容易成为自己在削减成本技术上投资的俘虏，从而降低了开发新产品的能力。
As Abernathy's study of automobile manufacturers has shown, an industry can easily become prisoner of its own investments in cost-cutting techniques, reducing its ability to develop new products.
首先是科学家和技术人员开发的机器、产品和应用知识体系的应用。
The first of these is the application of the machines, products and systems of applied knowledge that scientists and technologists develop.
它也描述了学习技术，比如学习期限和场所，包括将知识从工作环境转换到产品开发团队的方法。
It also describes learning techniques such as apprenticeships and workshops, including ways to transfer knowledge from the work environment to the product development team.
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