研究应用较多的是点对称和轴对称，现常用的对称方式有广义对称变换(Generalized Symmetry Transform)和方向对称变换(Directional Symmetry Transform)。
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从广义惠更斯-菲涅耳衍射积分出发，导出了洛伦兹光束通过一阶轴对称光学系统传输变换的解析公式。
Based on the generalized Huygens-Fresnel diffraction integral, the analytic propagation expressions for Lorentz beams passing through first-order axisymmetric optical system are derived.
用分步计算和广义球面坐标变换两种方法对椭球体绕对称轴旋转的转动惯量进行了计算，计算表明，后一种方法简单、实用，在工程实际中有应用价值。
The rotary inertia of an ellipsoid rotating around the symmetry axis is calculated by use of the divided calculation and the extensive spherical coordinate transformation.
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