基于这种想法，英格兰的禁烟令于2007年开始生效，禁止在酒馆、酒吧和公司汽车吸烟——其实是指所有封闭的公共场合。

The ban on smoking in pubs, bars and company cars-in effect, in all enclosed public spaces-that came into effect in England in 2007 was informed by such thinking.

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但是，国外的实证研究表明，封闭式基金存在着长期折价交易现象，这令标准金融理论感到困惑。

However, a great deal of empirical research reveals that deviations between the fundamental value and NAV exist in financial markets.

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