从历史上看，对执行功能的研究多是从神经心理学开始的，主 要是对前额皮质（prefrontal cortex，PFC）损伤的病人所出现的一些缺陷（比如 说计划、概念形成、认知灵活性、对动作的监控等方面的困难）进行研究。
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接着研究人员采用显微技术对前额皮质内神经细胞的棘状突起进行可视化检测。
The research team then used microscopic techniques to visualize the spines on nerve cells within the prefrontal cortex.
科学家们对这些看妇女们展示了超重及过瘦的女性图片，发现她们前额皮质变亮，特别在看到超重女性。
The scientists showed the apparently healthy women images of both overweight and thin female bodies. And their medial prefrontal cortex lit up, particularly at images of overweight women.
为了证实这种构想的合情合理，科学家们对六个普通人进行了观察研究，这六个人的大脑两侧的正中前额皮质层均受到了伤害，而且这些人平日在工作中有着极不理想的社会性情绪反应。
To test this idea, they looked at six people with damage to the VMPC on both sides of their brains. These people are known from other work to have poor social-emotional responses.
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