本文从辐射表面之间的换热规律出发，推导出反映空腔效应的定量概念——空腔因子。

This article gives us the quantitative concept of cavity effect, cavity factor, which is depended on the shape and the material of the cavity.

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算法中提出了竞争推动力的概念，并给出了竞争推动力的定量描述。

The concept of competition driving force is proposed and its quantitative descriptions are given.

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从城市土地持续利用概念出发，对城市土地利用系统进行定量的科学评价。

The paper uses the conception of city land sustainable use and makes a quantitative evaluation on city land use system.

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