裂 谷型大规模的地幔岩浆喷发、侵入，一般认为是 地幔上涌（mantle upwelling）过程。地幔上涌时， 先形成玄武质底垫（basaltic underplate），其后再经 过重熔和伸展（extension），形成新的岩浆。
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本文用二维非线性有限元方法，计算了一个地堑剖面因地幔上涌引起的破裂危险。
A two dimensional non-linear finite element scheme was used in the study of stress field on a deep section of a typical graben system.
火山热点有点像所被构成的夏威夷，不过，它们与一个更深的地幔上涌有着联系，并与研究的模型没有关系，托尔斯滕说。
Volcanic hotspots like the one that created Hawaii, though, are associated with a deeper upwelling, and not with the study's model, Thorsten said.
火山活动与热流上涌、地壳拉伸减薄、上地幔及下地壳物质熔融并沿块体边界向浅部上移有关。
The volcanic activities have relations to the heat-flow upwelling, crust thinning, upper mantle and lower crust melting, and upward movement of the melt materials along the block boundaries.
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