公司常常是根据比较低的软件和硬件开销来做出财务决策，但是在进入生产阶段之后管理开销会大大增加。

Often, companies made financial decisions based on the lower cost of software and hardware, only to see management costs explode after production.

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它建立在决策权和管理框架的基础上，此框架为SOA生命周期的四个阶段建立了权限、角色、控制等链条。

It is based on a decision rights and management framework that includes the establishment of chains of authority, roles, controls, and so forth, for the four phases of the SOA life cycle.

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简单介绍了空中交通流量管理和决策支持系统的特点，对一种四阶段规范化数据建模方法加以改进。

Features of air traffic management and decision support system are introduced. Then, an improved four-stage standardized modeling method is proposed.

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