在大图中，海岸线后面的区域由湿地、池塘、热融冰丘形成了凹陷，融化的以及重新冻结的冻土层形成了这种景观。
In the large image, the area behind the shoreline is pockmarked by marshes, ponds, and hummocks characteristic of "thermokarst," landscapes created by the melting and refreezing of permafrost.
研究人员通过观测被称为泥炭丘的小丘来测量永冻带边界北退的程度，泥炭丘是在北部泥炭沼泽含冰的土壤上自然形成的。
The researchers measured the retreat of the permafrost border byobserving hummocks known as "palsas, " which form naturally over icecontained in the soil of northern peat bogs.
如果有足够长的冰柱的增长，它能够满足冰丘在地面上，形成一个冰栏。
If an icicle grows long enough, it can meet ice mounds on the ground, forming an ice column.
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