...成之特别结合关系为基础之诚实、照顾、告知、解明、保护等附随义务（Nebenpflicht）或其他行为义务（Weitere Verhaltenspflicht）”，其形态甚为复杂，综合德、日判例学说观之，主要有下列四个类型，即（1）有效契约缔结之挫折或契约无效之责任（Haftung für N...
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对诉讼标的没有共同权利义务的，其中一人的诉讼行为对其他共同诉讼人不发生效力。
if a party of two or more persons have no common rights and obligations with respect to the object of action, the act of any one of them shall not be valid for the rest.
第十条 法官在履行职责时，应当平等对待当事人和其他诉讼参与人，不得以其言语和行为表现出任何歧视，并有义务制止和纠正诉讼参与人和其他人员的任何歧视性言行。
The judge should not by words or conduct manifest any discrimination. The judge has the responsibility to stop and correct any discriminatory words or conduct by any participants or other people.
如果供应商用第三方履行某一义务，供应商亦应对该第三方的行为负责，如同对受其雇佣履行义务的任何其他人一样。
If the supplier avails itself of a third party to carry out a performance, the supplier will be held responsible for this third party as for any other person employed in performing an obligation.
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