低谷效应是指通常奥运会相关设备投资在奥运会开幕以前结束，因此奥运会开幕之时奥运特需在很大程度上已经消失，经济陷入萧条。
负效应表现为虹吸效应、低谷效应和风险效应。
The negative effect includes the siphon aspect, the low-valley aspect and the risk aspect.
它对幸福感的贡献相当大——甚至接近一半，从中年危机的低谷到年老的幸福顶峰，这段时间它带来的幸福感甚至可以抵消失业带来的负效应。
Its effect on happiness is significant—about half as much, from the nadir of middle age to the elderly peak, as that of unemployment.
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