科学家们估计，吸烟使预期寿命平均缩短了大约两年时间。

Scientists estimate that smoking reduces life expectancy by around 2 years on average.

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在那之前，预期的商业价值只是一种估计。

Until then, the expected business value is just an estimate.

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而对于新浪，分析师们根据最新报告发布前的估计，预期其销售收入不会出现增长。

At Sina, analysts expect no increase in sales, based on estimates tallied before the latest report.

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The way you would go about it, if you're a portfolio manager, is you have to come up with estimates of the inputs to these formulas-- that means the expected returns, the standard deviations, and the covariances.

你所要做的，如果你是一个资产经理，你要做的事情就是,对公式里面的一些参数进行估计-,那些参数包括预期收益，标准差，和协方差。

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