理论认为项目是一项一次性的工作，有必要制定一个以指导、管理为导向的任务级别主计划。
The theory casting projects as one-off operational work seems to insist upon the necessity of a guiding, management-produced, task-level master plan.
项目管理实践中注重以目标为导向的系统、子系统、它们之间的关系以及环境，这就是使项目管理成为管理的“系统方法”。
The practice of project management pays attention to goal-oriented systems, subsystem, their relationships, and environment; this is what makes project management a "system approach" to management.
随着全球市场的逐步形成，以客户的需求为导向的商业竞争越来越激烈，对建设项目水平的要求也发生了较大的变化。
With the formation of the global market, customer demand-oriented business competition is more and more vigorous, and the level demand for construction projects has considerably changed.
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