行为主义和社会学习理论则强调：个体已形成的习得无助感加剧了戒烟困难；

Yet the behaviorism stresses that it is the individual learned helplessness that sharpens the difficulty of giving up smoking.

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“积极心理学”一派业已展现了乐观——正如无助感——是能够习得的。

The school of "positive psychology" has demonstrated that optimism, like helplessness, can be learned.

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习得性无助感是指在青少年成长过程中可能出现的一种心理障碍。

Learned helplessness is a psychological barrier in the process of the growing of some children.

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