所以街上、建筑工地周围、地铁里、出租车后面等地方的公告栏或告示，对我来说就是一种抽象的语言。

So billboards and announcements in streets, around construction sites, in subways, in the back of cabs,... speak to me in an abstract language.

youdao

除了是一种实现语言之外，BPEL4WS同样还可以用来描述业务流程的接口—办法是使用抽象流程这个概念。

In addition to being an implementation language, BPEL4WS can be used to describe the interfaces of business processes as well — using the notion of abstract processes.

youdao

严格说来，AST(抽象语法树)也是一种IR——因为它既不是源代码，也不是目标语言。

Strictly speaking, the AST (abstract syntax tree) is also an IR (intermediate representation) - since it is not quite the source, and not quite the target language.

youdao