21世纪学习借鉴了整体论的概念，也就是亚里士多德的理论——只有整体的观察系统，才能理解它，而不能只研究它们的组成部分。

21st century learning draws upon the concept of holism, the Aristotelian idea that systems can only be understood by looking at them as a whole, and not simply by investigating their parts.

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传统的隐喻研究可以追溯到亚里士多德时代，其间经历了三个阶段：对比论，替代论和互动论。

Traditional metaphor study which can be traced back to Aristotle has experienced three phases: the comparison view, the substitution view and the interaction view.

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大约400年前意大利一位名叫伽利略的科学家开始对亚里士多德的落体论提出质疑。

Almost 400 years ago an Italian scientist named Galileo began to question Aristotle's theory of falling objects.

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Dante, in his book, De Monarchia on monarchy, saw Aristotle as giving credence to the idea of a universal monarchy under the leadership of a Christian prince.

但丁在他的《论帝制》中，视亚里士多德,为力主世界帝国的概念,且是由一位基督王子所主宰。

耶鲁公开课 - 政治哲学导论课程节选

If wealth were the purpose of politics Aristotle writes the Phoenicians you might say in the ancient world -the Phoenicians were the commercial people par excellence the Phoenicians would be the best regime.

后者是著名《富国论》的作者,亚里士多德写到,如果财富是政治的目的,则你可以说，腓尼基人,远古世界最优秀的商人,腓尼基人治理的是最佳政体。

耶鲁公开课 - 政治哲学导论课程节选