只有在20世纪时，随着儿科学和心理学的发展，这些研究才能在一个更客观的基础上进行，即使这一基础仍然不一定很科学。
It was only with the growth of paediatrics and psychology in the twentieth century that studies could be carried out on a more objective, if still not always very scientific, basis.
许多心理学家建议采用非身体惩罚，美国儿科学会劝阻打屁股。
Many psychologists recommend non-physical punishment, and the American Academy of Pediatrics discourages spanking.
拒学症---任何一种旷课，从恐惧到逃学，都能从孩子自身的品行和愿望上找到根源---而且是教育，心理学和儿科学等因素交织在一起。
School refusal — any kind of absenteeism, from phobia to truancy, that can be traced to the child's own actions and wishes — is at the very intersection of education, psychology and pediatrics.
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