A number of recent theoretical and experimental studies have shown that droplet motion can be initiated and self-supported by a surface energy gradient of the substrate.

最近的一些理论和实验研究表明，液滴运动是受基底的表面能量梯度启动和支撑。

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"We've [also] got an indication that we can pump protons across the membrane" to set up a proton gradient, says Cronin - another key stage in harnessing energy from light.

克罗宁称，我们可以抽吸质子分布在细胞膜上，来设置形成一个质子坡度。

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A gradient, a difference in energy from one place to another is necessary for things to happen.

能量梯度两地之间的能量差是事物发生的必备条件。

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That means that there was an energy gradient that ancient Martian life could have taken advantage of for itself.

FORBES: Curiosity Finds That Ancient Mars May Have Been Habitable

During the accumulation season, sublimation is reduced because of a low gradient of vapour pressure and the energy supplied by radiation is directly consumed by melting, explaining why discharge is high.

UNESCO: Dublin Core