The most elementary form of moral reasoning—the ethical equivalent of learning to crawl—is to weigh others' interests against one's own.

道德推理的最基本形式——在道德上相当于学会爬行——是将他人的利益与自己的利益进行权衡。

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About 20 years ago psychologist Alan Page Fiske and author of Structures of Social Life (Free Press 1993), now Professor of Anthropology at UCLA, wrote about the Four Elementary Forms of Sociality that describe our mental orientation of the form of exchange that we think we should use in each interaction with someone else.

FORBES: Four Elementary Forms of Sociality Impacting Trust and Relationships

The Kremlin's contract with Mr Kadyrov is an extreme form of its bargain with many regional leaders: in return for elementary loyalty, they are able to do as they see fit.

ECONOMIST: Chechnya gets a new prime minister