The oxidation mechanism was well explained by reactive element effect and grain size effect.

利用反应元素效应和晶粒尺寸效应可以较好地解释该氧化动力学机制。

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At the same time it's proved that the "active element effect" has taken place in the Y bearing coating and it's beneficial to the improvement of the adhesion of the oxide coating.

间接地证明了含稀有元素y的氧化物薄膜产生了“活性元素效应”，提高了氧化物涂层的附着性。

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Compelling attention wherever he went by turning out the likenesses people requested had seemingly no effect on the impersonal element at the core of his strength, the inborn modesty that was his toughness and that he later sidestepped at his peril.

NPR: Roth Rewrites History with a 'Plot Against America'

Trees and plants also play an important role to help induce airflow and provide shade on hotter days in courtyards, and water is a common element because it can help cool the air through evaporation and can have a calming effect on the space.

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