This Lamb shift is a result of the interactions between the electron and the constituent quarks of the proton as described by QED.
兰姆位移是电子与质子组分夸克相互作用的结果，这一现象被描述为量子电动力（QED）。
And the formulas of electron beam to wave interaction power, frequency shift, starting current and etc. are derived. Then some discussions and analyses are carried out in detail.
推出了电子注与波的互作用功率、频偏和起振电流等公式，并进行了详细的讨论和分析。
With the two dimensional electron gas model, considering the nonlinear shift of Fermi level with electron gas density, the DC output characteristics is calculated.
考虑费米能级随二维电子气浓度的变化，计算了器件的直流特性。
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