Super capacitors or "electric double layer capacitors" store charge in a layer of ions adsorbed on the surface of carbon.

超电容器或者“双电介质层电容器”通过吸附碳层表面的离子储存电量。

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Let's say that we want to find the flux of the electric field out of a closed surface.

我们想要找出，电场对于一个封闭曲面向外的通量。

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Sensors detect when dust concentrations reach a critical level and then an electric charge energises the material sending a dust-repelling wave across its surface.

当传感器发现粉尘浓度达到了临界水平，就有一定的电荷促使该材料发出除尘波越过其表面。

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The authors suggest that a rapidly evolving technical to manage hydrates is to heat the pipes that carry the hydrocarbons to the surface, either through electric heaters or by circulating hot water around the outside of the pipe.

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The material also contains negatively charged ions, which can be moved with electric pulses to different parts of the surface.

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That surface wave, in turn, produces another electric signal, which is emitted via the transducer.

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