Researchers from the National Institute of Neuroscience in Turin made the discovery by giving rats electric shocks while exposing them to either flashing lights, beeping noises or a whiff of vinegar.
都灵国家神经学机构通过在电击老鼠的同时把它们暴露在闪光,噪音或者一阵醋香中研究得出了这个发现.
This Pavlovian technique resulted in the rats freezing up in nervous anticipation of the shocks every time they heard either sound.
这种巴普洛夫技术产生了这种结果：每次老鼠听到其中一种声音就会怕被电击而变得非常紧张。
The rats were trained to respond to either Dutch or Japanese using food as a reward.
先以食物奖励的方法训练实验鼠在分别听到日语或荷兰语时作出反应。
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