Stark and her team also observed that reindeer have a tremendous effect on what grows in the forest.

斯达克和她的队伍也发现驯鹿对森林生长什么有巨大的影响。

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In fact, researchers said the "effect is so fast that it's equivalent to injecting the substance directly into the bloodstream," in findings described as a "stark warning" to those who smoke.

事实上，研究人员认为这项发现足以“严重警告”那些吸烟者，因为“这种损害的效果来得如此迅速，相当于直接将这些物质注射到血管内。”

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In effect, the chancellor posed a stark choice for his colleagues.

实际上，财政大臣给他的同僚们一个严峻的选择。

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Smokers face tax increases, bans, health concerns and social stigma worldwide, but the effect of those on cigarette demand generally is less stark outside the United States.

WSJ: Philip Morris Int'l 1Q profit falls nearly 2 pct

Both GM and Chrysler faced the stark choice of seeking government support or facing almost certain uncontrolled liquidations, which would have had a ripple effect across the industry, causing at least one million more jobs to be lost.

WHITEHOUSE: Resurgence of the American Auto Industry