The effect of these policies might come through in 2009, since both monetary and fiscal policy always take a while to have an effect.

这些政策可能要在2009年才能初见成效，毕竟货币和财政政策总是需要一段时间才能产生效果。

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What causes the lags in the effect of monetary and fiscal policy on aggregate demand?

什么因素导致货币和财政政策对总需求影响的时滞？

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He said the rise in commodities prices is a side-effect of the loose monetary policy.

FORBES: 'QE3' Would Be The 'Most Bullish Factor' For Commodities -- Panel

Members of the Bank of England's Monetary Policy Committee will have to decide whether the dominant effect of the energy price rise is to reduce demand from the economy, so that the long term prospects for inflation returning to target are improved, or to dangerously increase underlying inflationary pressures.

BBC: British Gas to announce price rises this month

Argentina's inflexible currency-board scheme not only pegs the peso at par to the dollar but limits the money supply to the level of hard-currency reserves, in effect turning monetary policy over to the United States' Federal Reserve.

ECONOMIST: Argentina��s distant allies and the fiscal gap