To counter these effects on a long-duration mission, say, Mars, astronauts will certainly need to create their own artificial gravity.

比如在火星上，为了在长期任务中对抗这些影响，宇航员肯定需要人为制造重力。

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The health effects caused by radiation exposure depend on its level, type and duration.

辐射对健康的影响与其剂量、类型与持续时间有关。

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Only use your cell phone to establish contact or for conversations lasting a few minutes, as the biological effects are directly related to the duration of exposure.

把手机用于保持基本联络，或只进行几分钟时长的通话。因为手机辐射对人的生理影响与通话时间长短相关。

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Nonprescription decongestants and pain relievers offer some symptom relief, but they won't prevent a cold or shorten its duration, and most have some side effects.

CNN: Cold remedies: What works, what doesn't, what can't hurt

The researchers said side effects were mild in the study, whose duration for participants averaged 1.2 years.

WSJ: Daily Pill Slashes Risk of HIV Infection in Study