abstract:Dunyā (دُنْيا) is a word in Arabic (also Persian, Dari, Pashto, Bengali, Punjabi, Urdu, Hindi, Turkish and loanword in Malay language and Indonesian language dunia) which means the temporal world—and its earthly concerns and possessions—as opposed to the eternal spiritual realm, or the hereafter (ākhira). Dunyā literally means 'closer' or 'lower'.