For Berenson, looking at a picture was always an emotional experience, a new discovery and only then to be placed in the continuum of Italian Renaissance painting from Duccio, Masaccio and Giotto through Botticelli, Titian, Leonardo and Michelangelo.
Its first great painter, Duccio di Buoninsegna (c.1255-1319), would have witnessed the emergence of the Nine: a civic democracy in which Siena, a rich merchant city-state, was ruled by nine elected citizens (aristocrats and lawyers were barred from standing for election).