Then, in the Middle Ages, engineers discovered that such supports would last even longer if their downstream side was also shaped to offer little resistance to the current.

然后，在中世纪，工程师发现这些桥墩在下游这一侧如果也建成对水阻力比较小的形状，桥墩寿命还要延长。

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Then the focus now forwards downstream regulators of resistance signaling.

因此人们将目光转向抗病信号转导的下游分子。

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It's this fast phosphorylation of the downstream Ca2 + Gate which is inhibited by insulin resistance.

这一个快速的钙离子通道导致的下游磷酸化过程被胰岛素抵抗阻断了。

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