For example, those from the Old Testament would ask “look and see what the Lord has done.” The Greeks argued for Logos, which means to gather and collect and to place things (ideas) in the right order. That order was known from Nature and its teleology. Descartes suggests that to reason about things has a clear method: doubt all things, divide them into their parts, collect the pieces once it is understood how they work, back together and to repeat the process or experiments until one has certainty. This becomes the scientific method. It has been useful and successful in providing much knowledge about how the material world works. Marx argued that one should think dialectically and that meaning is derived from the dialectic of material forces in relationship to their location within historical laws of movement. Chaos theory adds a new way of thinking about relationships. Non-linear relationships confound traditional linear cause and effect: the flapping of butterfly wings in Japan can cause hurricanes in the Caribbean. Trying to understand the connection of that relationship requires a different way of thinking.

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