For example, those from the Old Testament would ask “look and see what the Lord has done.” The Greeks argued for Logos, which means to gather and collect and to place things (ideas) in the right order. That order was known from Nature and its teleology. Descartes suggests that to reason about things has a clear method: doubt all things, divide them into their parts, collect the pieces once it is understood how they work, back together and to repeat the process or experiments until one has certainty. This becomes the scientific method. It has been useful and successful in providing much knowledge about how the material world works. Marx argued that one should think dialectically and that meaning is derived from the dialectic of material forces in relationship to their location within historical laws of movement. Chaos theory adds a new way of thinking about relationships. Non-linear relationships confound traditional linear cause and effect: the flapping of butterfly wings in Japan can cause hurricanes in the Caribbean. Trying to understand the connection of that relationship requires a different way of thinking.
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Traditional essentialism consider things all bear its essence, which is a absolute and perfect (ideal) form, which is real and eternal without a doubt.
传统本质观认为事物均有其本质，本质是一完全的、理想形式，它的存在是不容怀疑地真实的、确切的，永恒不变的。
There is no doubt that everyone will encounter sad things in all his life. However, faced with sadness, different people usually take different attitudes to treat it.
毫无疑问的，每个人在他的一生中都会遇上伤心的事情。然而，在面对悲伤，不同的人往往采取不同的态度对待。
There was no doubt that he was thrilled about all these things, and he certainly had a right to be.
不要怀疑这个工作带给他的兴奋劲，他绝对有权利去期待。
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