However, the wolves on which biologists founded their conclusions about dominance hierarchies were animals living in unnaturally constituted groups in captivity.

然而生物学家所得出的关于狼群统治和阶级的结论是基于一些个案，即如果动物生活在并非其天生所属的群体里，就会被当成俘虏对待。

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Although the grandes écoles are superbly meritocratic—candidates compete against each other in a series of gruelling exams—their dominance of corporate hierarchies makes workplaces much less so.

grandes écoles非常注重任人唯贤，报考者要在一系列紧张的测试中互相挑战。 尽管如此，企业高级管理层被该校毕业生占据，使工作环境不甚良好。

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But there is also suffocation, self-effacement, and hierarchies of status and dominance that beget humiliation, resentment, and webs of toxic rivalry.

FORBES: Happiness, Freedom, and Autonomy